When I was informed that the theme for the December/January issue of Tyre Trends will be Tyre Testing Advancements, I was a little confused at first as to what should be a suitable entry point in bringing forth some insights into a subject that has seen significant advances during the past two decades. Finally, I thought it would be useful to the young managers if I relate some of my own experiences and viewpoints on rubber and tyre testing. It has been about 16 years since I retired form employment and from my active involvement in rubber testing directly or indirectly. However, during my ISO 9001, 14001 and ISO 45001 consultancies, I have been involved in conducting third party audits in the testing laboratories also.

From the time I embarked on my learning and the career in rubber technology, I should say that testing was not my forte. I was more affiliated towards rubber chemistry, molecular structures, compounding ingredients and compounding, probably due to my affinity to organic and inorganic chemistry during my college days. However, due to some reason, which is not clear to me even to date, I happened to be associated with testing throughout the entire period I was working in rubber products manufacturing companies, either by way of managing the quality control and assurance or handling the product development activities. As a young trainee, way back in the late sixties, my first experience in rubber testing was the basic latex tests such as DRC, total solids, ammonia content and pH. On the dry rubber side, the only available test was the Shore A pocket hardness tester, which also was indicative of the status of cure and the durability of footwear. During the next decade or so at Batas, I was in charge of the laboratory, which handled the rubber formulations, and in-process quality control. The basic tests performed were on melting point, plasticity, hardness, abrasion, flexing, peel test for bonding, colour fastness for textile materials and the solid content for adessives. During our study days, we visited the Sri Lanka Tyre Corporation (currently CEAT Kelani) as part of the study programmes, and this was the only place in Sri Lanka to possess a wide range of conventional rubber testing equipment during those days.

In later years, (1981-1998 intermittently) I had the opportunity to work in Kenya with Vaculug Traction Tyres, (re-treading of OTR and TBS tyres) and Avon Rubber ( LT/TBS tyre retreading, manufacture of bicycle tyres and tubes/ moulded  rubber goods}, and the level of testing facilities at both companies were minimal, but they were doing substantially profitable operations, notwithstanding the completion. During my subsequent engagement (1999-2008) at the process control laboratory at Associated Motorways, a fairly comprehensive range of testing equipment such as the Monsanto Rheometer, Tensile Tester, Rebound Resilience, DIN Abrader and Dispersion Analyzer were in use. The company manufactured a diverse range of rubber products such as re-treading of all tyre sizes and OTR, motor cycle and three-wheeler tyres, in addition to mixing custom compounds for some large pneumatic and solid tyre manufacturing companies in Sri Lanka and exporting re-cured tread in a small way to a few countries, and testing played a more important and sometimes critical role, in its efforts to  stay competitive with respect to  product quality, cost effectiveness and delivery schedules. I do not think that the term ‘cutting edge technologies’ was in the standard jargon, at least in the developing countries during those years. On looking back, it is my present realisation that testing is circumstantial or situational and ‘fitness for use’, as Joseph Juran defined, quality is the prime criterion, and the role played by testing too is relative.

It could be my limited exposure to other contemporary disciplines, or my long exposure experience and perhaps the obsession in the rubber industry, that I am inclined to think of rubber technology as addictive. Perhaps exponents of other disciplines with long experience may be holding similar perceptions about their own fields of expertise. I remember with reverence my first lecturer in rubber technology, Mr Nadaraja  (deceased ), an ANCRT and the Head of Rubber Chemistry Dept of the Rubber Research Institute  of Sri Lanka, who devoted his entire professional life for the development of the rubber industry in Sri Lanka, a pioneer celebrated for his role in the deployment of oil extended NR for winter tyres, commercialisation of cyclised rubber in Sri Lanka during the lean years and the work on developing low-ammonia zinc oxide stabilised latex. Discussions with him were exciting and invigorating because he virtually breathed rubber, thought rubber and walked rubber in a literal as well as the metaphorical sense. Testing and test methods were invariable parts of the numerous discussions we had with him during the lectures or at the various meetings, including chats at his humble house over a cup of tea.

On contemplating broadly, one can infer that rubber and the testing associated with it has a life cycle or a cradle-to-cradle perspective. It commences with the tapping of field latex at the plantation latex processing and conversion in the plantation grades of raw rubber, centrifuging, TSR manufacture, which are the primary processing operations. These are followed by latex and dry rubber products manufacture, which again consists of upstream and downstream processes, culminating in the finished products, their subsequent usage and service performance and finally the end-of-life disposal, or more aptly, re-use and re-cycling in this era of circular economy.

Composite nature of most rubber products, including tyre and even the apparently simple moulded rubber products with a range of diverse applications, from simple door mat to O-rings and seals in aerospace applications and bio-medical devises, makes testing an integral component of rubber technology. During our study days, the pneumatic tyre was recognised as the most complex rubber product, a fact that still holds true even in these high-tech days. Since then, every aspect of rubber chemistry and physics, technology, compounding methodology and processing techniques have undergone unprecedented evolution, driven by the unending, ever thirsting quest and search for creating new product requirements and manufacturing new products or improving the existing products to meet the emerging stringent service requirements, as well the rapidly changing environmental and other regulatory compliance obligations. Modern rubber testing methods combine traditional and advanced techniques to evaluate the physical, chemical and mechanical properties. These methods are crucial for ensuring that the rubber components and finished products meet specific standards for performance durability and safety.

My knowledge in other structural materials, e.g. metals/ceramics and plastics (to some extent) is rather Ilimited. However, even with that limited knowledge, I am convinced that rubber is truly a singularity, which, leaving aside the astronomical jargon, simply means an unusual or distinctive manner or behaviour.

The macromolecular structures and the viscoelastic nature of natural as well as synthetic rubbers, which has necessitated an illogical series of breaking and re-making using physical and chemical processes and reactions, has made rubber a truly unique material. This complexity is further aggravated by the widely heterogeneous nature of the rubber additives with their own physical and chemical dispositions and interaction during the rubber processing operations. The processing conditions and parameters, including temperature, pressure, deforming forces and stresses, further contribute to the variability and unevenness lack of uniformity, or MURA, in the jargon of the Toyota Production System (TPS). To this, add the ever-increasing product performance requirements coupled with stringent environmental and safety regulations driven by the ongoing sustainability movement and the resulting emerging scenario is really complex and complicated, and testing along the entire value chain has become an integral and indispensable ingredient in the modern-day rubber products manufacturing.

Historically, rubber testing has evolved since the initial discovery of rubber and its use, particularly as it became integral to industrial applications in the 19^th and 20^th centuries. Initially, the testing was basic, focusing on strength and elasticity to evaluate the suitability of rubber for applications such as tyres, hoses and seals. However, with the advent of synthetic rubbers and the development of new product applications, more advanced testing became necessary. Some key milestones in the history of rubber testing can be identified as follows:

Early testing (19^th Century): Era of natural rubber and basic methods such as elongation and crude tensile testing.

Development of standardised testing such as tensile, abrasion and ageing tests.

Introduction of systemic rubber and World War II (1930s-1940s): Testing for chemical resistance temperature tolerance and durability essential for military and industrial uses.

Modern testing standards: (1950s to present): Measuring properties like hardness, elasticity, resistance to chemicals, UV and Ozone, development of advanced testing equipment and standardised test methods, ASTM and ISO.

Advanced Testing (21^st Century): Computerised equipment such as dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

In this era, where AI has become the catchword in almost every facet of human activity, we cannot ignore the potential and helping role of AI in current and futuristic rubber testing, especially in the following areas:

Predictive Modelling and Simulation

Detection of Defects

Process Optimisation

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)

Data Driven Insights

Automated Testing and Quality Control

The current tendency of embracing new surges of waves such as automation, digital interphases and AI sometimes made us to speculate if the current generation is witnessing the last remnants of human integrity and skills, in rubber testing in areas such as:

Interpretation and analysis

Technical expertise

Trouble shooting

Quality assurance.

Adaptability and decision-making

Continuous improvement

However, it is a demonstrated fact that the combination of human expertise and modern rubber testing leads to better and more accurate testing outcomes. Human skills ensure that technology is used more effectively in obtaining meaningful results and establishment of continuously optimised testing procedures.

I am curiously inclined to look for parallels between the rubber testing and the modern medical tests, where both seem to deal with complex systems, with a strong interdependency of the subsystems and components. The basic scientific concept of ‘test, observation and inference’ seems to be applicable to both disciplines. Testing can be predictive or diagnostic, and we are sometimes astounded by the array of tests that the medical specialists recommend before they arrive at a specific conclusion, even in the case of trivial illnesses. Unlike in the old days, where keen observation and intuition was the norm, there seem to be an over dependency on testing, perhaps ostensibly due to commercial reasons. I can remember that about sixty years ago, the practitioners of Western medicine had a habit of feeling the pulse of the patients. This was unmistakeably the practice used by the native physicians.

I sometimes as a person of the older generation tend to wonder if we as rubber technologists have become overly dependent on rubber testing equipment, which has become a multi- million dollar business. Are we doing things right (efficiency) or are we doing the right things (effectiveness) is an issue I would wish the readers to contemplate.

The author is a Management Counsellor from Sri Lanka.

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The tyre industry is entering one of the most transformative phases in its history. Manufacturing is no longer defined only by production capacity, compound formulation or tread design. The future will be shaped by how effectively manufacturers combine advanced engineering, intelligent manufacturing, sustainability, application-specific innovation, smart technologies and global competitiveness.

For us at Rubber King Tyre Pvt. Ltd., the direction is clear: the tyre of the future must perform reliably where conditions are most demanding. This philosophy is captured in our brand promise: ‘RULE THE TERRAIN – Tyres for the Untamed’.

It represents more than a tagline. It reflects how we see the future of tyre engineering – developing products capable of performing across challenging agricultural fields, construction sites, mining environments and demanding material-handling applications as per customer expectations.

Devin Gawarvala

FROM TYRE MANUFACTURING TO PERFORMANCE ENGINEERING

Customers today are increasingly evaluating tyres on total performance rather than purchase price alone. Tyre life, traction, load-carrying capability, resistance to cuts and wear, heat management, equipment uptime and overall cost per operating hour are becoming critical considerations.

This is particularly relevant in the OTR, agriculture and industrial segments, where operating conditions can vary dramatically.

The future, therefore, belongs to application-driven tyre engineering. Instead of developing products primarily around dimensions and specifications, manufacturers will increasingly engineer tyres around the machine, terrain, load cycle, operating hours and customer requirements.

At Rubber King, this approach aligns closely with our focus on pneumatic and solid tyre solutions across agriculture, construction, mining, OTR and industrial applications. The company currently operates four manufacturing facilities in Gujarat and has built its product philosophy around durability, performance and precision engineering.

SMART MANUFACTURING WILL REDEFINE CONSISTENCY

The next major transformation will take place inside tyre factories.

Automation, digital process monitoring, data analytics and increasingly intelligent manufacturing systems will enable manufacturers to achieve greater consistency while improving productivity and reducing process variations.

However, smart manufacturing should not simply mean installing more automated equipment. Its real value comes from connecting people, processes, machines, materials and data.

Data generated across mixing, component preparation, building, curing, inspection and testing can help manufacturers identify variations earlier, improve traceability and strengthen preventive quality systems.

For Indian manufacturers, this presents an important opportunity. Combining our manufacturing capabilities and engineering talent with greater automation and digitalisation can significantly strengthen India’s position as a global tyre manufacturing hub.

SUSTAINABILITY MUST WORK ALONGSIDE PERFORMANCE

Sustainability will also become fundamental to the future of tyre manufacturing.

The industry will need to examine the complete product lifecycle – from sourcing raw materials and improving manufacturing efficiency to extending tyre life and addressing end-of-life recovery. Recent industry research is already demonstrating the potential of bio-sourced materials, recycled inputs and recovered carbon black to reduce the environmental footprint of tyre production while maintaining required performance standards.

For manufacturers, the challenge is to ensure that sustainability does not come at the cost of durability or safety.

In demanding OTR and industrial applications, a tyre that lasts longer can itself contribute to resource efficiency. Extending service life, reducing premature replacement and improving operating efficiency should therefore form an important part of the sustainability conversation.

The future will require manufacturers to achieve both objectives: lower environmental impact and higher product performance.

R&D WILL BECOME THE COMPETITIVE DIFFERENTIATOR

As equipment becomes more powerful and applications become increasingly specialised, research and development will play an even greater role.

Compound technology, casing design, tread geometry, heat dissipation, rolling resistance, cut and chip resistance and load optimisation will continue to evolve. At the same time, faster testing and feedback from real-world applications will allow manufacturers to shorten development cycles.

Rubber King’s R&D approach includes product development, technology upgrades, process optimisation, material evaluation and testing procedures aligned with internationally recognised standards.

The objective must be simple: understand the application before engineering the tyre.

INDIA HAS AN OPPORTUNITY TO LEAD

India’s manufacturing ecosystem is moving from being viewed primarily as a cost-competitive production base towards becoming an engineering and innovation partner for global markets.

For Indian tyre manufacturers, this creates a significant opportunity.

To compete internationally, however, we must benchmark ourselves against global standards – not only on price but on product consistency, technology, service, innovation and application knowledge.

At Rubber King, our international presence across more than 90 countries reinforces our belief that Indian manufacturers can develop products in India while competing confidently across global markets.

The next decade of tyre manufacturing will ultimately be about engineering confidence – confidence that a tyre will perform when the terrain becomes difficult, the load becomes heavier and the operating environment becomes unpredictable.

That is where manufacturing technology, R&D and customer understanding must come together.

Because the future will not always operate on perfect roads or predictable surfaces.

It will be built for the untamed.

RULE THE TERRAIN – Tyres for the Untamed.

The author is Entrepreneurial Founder & Director, Rubber King Tyre Group

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The innovative, intelligent and integrated tyre manufacturing system marks a paradigm shift and is an indispensable tool for a fundamentally different vision of the future.

This model fosters a highly networked, data-driven and agile production environment and revolutionises traditional, labour-intensive manufacturing. This model must be combined and integrated with integrated product development, intelligent automation and data-driven optimisation.

In this model, tyre design, materials and manufacturing processes are controlled within a unified framework to achieve defined objectives. The model’s principle is based on a comprehensive and integrated development process, ensuring the achievement of consistent objectives tailored to the vehicle application, operating conditions and customer requirements.

The overall model digitally integrates and networks all phases of the tyre lifecycle, from the development and design of rubber compounds to product marketing. Data relating to design, manufacturing, testing and customer service are consolidated in a centralised and unified digital system.

This model resembles an autonomous system integrating AI and enabling the automation of repetitive tasks, predictive maintenance and real-time quality control without manual intervention. However, it already takes customer expectations into account from the design stage.

The ZC Rubber model represents a transition from theory to practice, requiring a top-down strategic approach that takes into account the product realisation architecture as well as the overall organisational culture.

ZC Rubber incorporates such a model, relying on platform-based strategies that directly leverage its proprietary X-Tech and Phecda Tech Systems. This provides an effective foundation for the continuous development of speciality tyres. The integrated system supports the development of original equipment and replacement tyres for the company’s three main brands.

ZC Rubber combines materials research, product development, manufacturing and validation within an integrated development process. This expertise enables faster product development, more consistent production and better alignment with the specific requirements of automotive platforms and markets. As a result, advancements in research and development generate measurable added value for automakers, suppliers, fleet managers, dealerships and drivers worldwide.

ZC Rubber’s model enables manufacturers to simulate production scenarios and identify bottlenecks at every stage of product realisation. It is not an isolated simulation environment but rather a deeply integrated, AI-powered development approach that directly links virtual design and testing with smart manufacturing.

AI models analyse data for predictive maintenance and for overall efficiency, detecting failures before they lead to costly production downtime requiring immediate intervention. With the emergence of trends such as AI-driven automation, latency is becoming an increasingly critical factor.

Since the 1990s, various shop floor management (SFM) systems have proven their worth and have been integrated into enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. ERP is based on different manufacturing execution systems (MES), which utilise real-time information systems and embedded software, as well as programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and SCADA systems for control and data acquisition. For many years, SFM systems optimised production processes, minimised downtime and increased the productivity of tyre manufacturers. Today, however, the integration of all digital systems, including those involved in the product development phases, is essential.

For an integrated and efficient production model, latency – also known as ‘processing time’, i.e. the calculation or inference time of control systems – is of increasing importance in order to prevent malfunctions and ensure machine synchronisation. It must be virtually zero and is often measured in microseconds (μs) or milliseconds (ms) because industrial servers continuously monitor parameters such as vibration, temperature and pressure.

This is why the Chinese national standard for network architecture in tyre manufacturing mandates extremely low latency, less than or equal to 30 ms – a crucial factor for features such as remote monitoring and predictive maintenance.

Optical detection and image acquisition are playing an increasingly important role and are driven by AI-assisted feature extraction and deep learning systems. High-resolution cameras and laser monitoring systems control critical parameters in real time, such as tread and sidewall cross-section measurements, profiling and regularity, innerliner thickness mapping, bead geometry inspection and measurement of chafer thickness and width. The use of these models optimises the entire manufacturing process and ensures efficiency and precision.

Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) have been used for years in tyre factories to manage and ensure a smooth and efficient transport and flow of materials and tyres between workstations. More recently, autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) have emerged as intelligent tools capable of acting and moving independently, rather than simply being piloted. Their movements within the factory require minimal programming and intervention.

Tyre manufacturing systems are becoming more sophisticated and evolving with AI-powered automation. However, the overall production of the product is safer for long-lasting quality and for the benefit of customers…

For a long time, even a simple change in tyre size in factories required numerous manual interventions in different systems. Consequently, switching from one production plan to another, according to a given set of specifications, presents a classic challenge, as everything relies on the manual configuration of complex parameters, which generates a significant source of errors and scrap.

Following the successful integration of the intelligent and innovative production plan change management system, plan changes are facilitated by networking all systems via a Manufacturing Execution System (MES). Analysis of material consistency using Big Data enables automatic parameter adjustments. This simplifies processes, improves component stability and prevents material mixing errors during line changeovers.

Tyre manufacturing remains a traditional challenge; assembling dozens of components into a complete tyre is a labour-intensive process requiring numerous highly skilled workers. Autonomous tyre manufacturing machines operate without operators, utilising robots for material handling and positioning, thus ensuring high accuracy and repeatability.

The profile stabilisation time is crucial in the extrusion process for optimising the configuration and obtaining a stable, high-quality profile in just a few seconds. Artificial intelligence models analyse this stabilisation time with remarkable accuracy.

Dry cycle time (DCT) during tyre vulcanisation is crucial and a key area for continuous improvement. In a fully integrated, AI-driven tyre production system, vulcanisation parameters are optimised in seconds. This system ensures consistent production and prevents downtime through real-time alerts and near-instantaneous deviation correction. A powerful AI system simultaneously analyses data from over 250 vulcanising presses to identify the root causes of process variations.

A final tyre inspection system can use multiple high-speed laser sensors targeting key areas of the tyre. These sensors require microsecond-precise synchronisation to ensure simultaneous data acquisition from every point on the rotating tyre, creating a precise 3D map of the entire tyre. Intelligent 3D inspection sensors are equipped with integrated processors for instant quality control. They process high-resolution surface scans and determine conformity directly within the system.

The concrete and significant results achieved represent not just improvements but a true revolution in tyre manufacturing. Applying these principles, in line with industry averages, has increased productivity by up to 68 percent, reduced the defect rate by 57 percent and decreased inventory by 34 percent.

Integrated and automated quality control systems, which continuously monitor tyres, represent a true revolution in modern tyre factories. Manual quality control and material handling, which require significant human resources, can be replaced by up to 90 percent with intelligent systems in autonomous production systems. Finished tyres are transported to the warehouse by automated conveyors and software-controlled robotic handling systems.

A fully automated tyre manufacturing system allows for proactive intervention as soon as one parameter among thousands exceeds its control limits, thus preventing malfunctions before they even occur. In a networked system, real-time dashboards display live data to operators from mixers, timers and cutting machines, such as temperatures in temperature control unit (TCU) zones and dynamic pressure.

Automated production systems, combined with innovative, intelligent and integrated models, are particularly valuable for large production facilities. Modern tyre manufacturing goes far beyond mere ‘digitalisation’ or ‘Industry 4.0’, where even minor inefficiencies can lead to significant operational losses and customer dissatisfaction. Integration – from customer expectations to manufacturing control – enables the development and management of high-performing products with optimal overall equipment effectiveness (OEE).

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Most of us know the alleged Chinese curse: ‘May you live in interesting times…’. This term, in fact, is not of Chinese origin: it was first used by a British diplomat in the late 19th century and is a kind of upper-class British joke.

And yet, as we look at the world today, in political, economic, technological and environmental terms, most of us would agree that the times we live in are far too ‘interesting’ for comfort. Predicting even the near-term future is becoming more difficult, while making rational longer-term investment decisions often feels like a high-risk gamble.

Managing uncertainty requires a very special set of skills – and uncertainty is exactly what the tyre industry is being asked to deal with right now. We can all make a list of the individual challenges we face, but perhaps the best and simplest way to define this issue is by saying that the business model of the tyre industry is in question.

CHALLENGES TO THE BUSINESS MODEL

The modern tyre plant is a product of globalisation. It depends on relatively open supply chains, predictable logistics, ready access to materials, affordable energy and steady demand for products. Unfortunately, these factors can no longer be relied on.

Mike Norman

The vehicle market is changing, notably by the rapid rise in demand for electric vehicles, while the number of tyre variants is also growing fast. We are moving to a market reality in which volume may stay more or less the same, but the number of different tyre designs is rising and the volumes per SKU are going down.

Globalisation has gone into reverse, with a rise in protectionism and tariffs, leading to ‘reshoring’ and a trend to more local production, based closer to the markets being served, enabling more agile response to demand.

A technology revolution is taking place, with automation altering the cost base and leading to a levelling up in quality – a process that has been going on for a long time. Price premiums across a wide range of market segments are starting to disappear because quality standards are now so good across the market that it is becoming harder to justify higher prices for ‘premium brands’.

We can all agree therefore that the industry is changing – but it is not so easy to define where it is heading.

THE SHAPE OF THE FUTURE?

There is overwhelming evidence that the tyre industry of the future will look very different from the industry of today. It is tempting to present a single model of the future and invite all the different industry players to plan their own roadmap to that single future. That would be a mistake – the industry is diverse and we think it will remain so. There is a clear direction of travel (towards more comprehensive automation, greater agility, lower energy use, ability to manage a greater number of variants, use of new materials, reduced environmental impact…), but the options remain broad and the future is still unpredictable.

VMI not only has a vision of the future but works continuously to develop innovative solutions that support the industry and its development. In fact, we have even successfully built a true single cell production platform. This is UNIXX, which is designed to make tyres within a single process, from initial compound mixing to the finished product. You can manage as many variants as you wish, because each individual product can be made profitably – a true ‘market of one’ approach. The footprint is very small, compared with current plants, and environmentally it is far more responsible, using less energy and with much lower levels of pollution.

Surely, this is where we should be heading? Well, perhaps it is, but life is not that simple. Every business has to start from where it is right now, which is why we celebrate:

THE IMPORTANCE OF EVOLUTION

In evolutionary theory, there is an ecosystem, which is a common space inhabited by many different species. They sometimes compete for resources, sometimes complement and help each other, while they all have to deal with bigger forces from the outside. In the distant past, these might have been volcanoes and meteorites, but in our case, the external forces are probably wars and tariffs.

The key is not to focus on a single image of the ‘perfect’ future design but to have the ability to evolve as the environment changes – and keep evolving. You must start from where you are today and then follow the logic of the market, emerging technology and your own strategic priorities. The result will be – as with natural evolution – a lot of diversity but with every player moving in a common direction: towards a future that is more automated, more efficient, more flexible.

So what does the market look like right now?

There is still that familiar divide between Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3, but the old definitions and distinctions are no longer as solid as they once were.

Most Tier 1s are losing their price advantage, at least in certain markets, because the Tier 2s have now reached a comparable quality level. Tier 3 businesses are exploiting their generally lower cost base, combined with advanced, highly automated factories to build advantage in the market through a highly competitive price point. Each type of business has its own operational realities and long-term goals. They are all moving through their own evolutionary journey. The big question we at VMI ask ourselves is this: How can we help them all to develop as successfully as possible?

KEY LESSONS OF EVOLUTION

When you start a journey of change, there are some basic priorities that apply to us all.

Simplify and take out costs. To make sure that business change projects deliver real benefits, the first task is to take out cost and reduce risk by simplifying and accelerating your existing processes. Simplification will lead to reduced energy and materials use (saving money at once), fewer human touch points (also saving money) and potentially could enable you to reduce the footprint of your plant (freeing capital for productive investment).

Every year, VMI brings out new refinements to existing systems, solutions and investments, designed to improve performance and take out cost. Here are some of the most recent of these:

• Smart Splice Ply fits to existing VMI TBMs already on site to reduce variations in play and splices. It raises quality, saves material and speeds the process.
• Then there is OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) Reporter, a purely software solution that identifies areas for process improvement for reasons that range from downtime to operator issues, with the aim of moving towards 100 percent effective operation.
• Perhaps the most exciting of these new developments is the Autonomous Materials Delivery (AMD) solution, which combines automated handling of compound rolls, Smart Run Empty (designed to cut out compound wastage) and interface with Automated Guided Vehicles.

AMD summarises the ways in which the operation of existing machines, investments and solutions can be continuously improved to reduce the need for human intervention, reduce machine downtime, cut down wastage and drive higher operational efficiency – all without disruption to business as usual while maximising the potential of existing investments.

This is the very definition of stage one in the evolutionary change journey: improve what you have and bank the savings for reinvestment in the future.

Implement new technologies, one by one. We understand there can be no ‘big bang’ changes in the tyre industry, but we can start to profit from the most advanced new technologies today without the disruption that wholesale change would cause, adding new concepts alongside existing investments in the second stage of evolutionary change.

In some cases, this makes it possible to close down existing processes completely, making machines redundant and delivering significant savings. In others, we can eliminate specific stages in a process, again leading to simplification, higher quality and cost reductions. Here are two examples:

• UNIXX Beltmaker (now with hot gum strip feature) carries out most of the activities of a traditional calendering line but faster and more efficiently. Given the size and high energy use of calendering in tyre plants, the potential for reducing plant footprint and energy costs is enormous.
• VMI’s new Strip Winder, again developed for UNIXX, is now available for evaluation and review, with the potential for simplifying some aspects of production while offering a number of quality and design advantages.

This is a technique that many companies have struggled to master but which is fully operational right now. You can see it for yourselves, as well, because VMI’s mobile Strip Winding roadshow will make it possible to watch, test, examine, ask difficult questions and prove for yourselves that it works.

Extend the scope of automation. Industrial automation is what VMI stands for, so moving to the next stage is not a break from the past but an evolutionary move. As part of the TKH Group, VMI is now not just benefitting from its own in-house (but globally located) R&D activity but is also building on the AI capability inside the Group.

There are some aspects of AI that attract some scepticism (rightly), but industrial automation is the most natural development of AI – and VMI is driving it forward at speed. During the rest of this year, we will complete development work on a decision support GenAI-enabled system that will make it easy for operators to optimise machine performance while giving assurance to employers that the operators themselves will be able to work more efficiently.

This will be just the first step in a process of continual evolution, in which machine intelligence will be exploited in more intuitive ways to enable faster skills development, deeper insights and eventually lower requirements for human intervention at all. Current VMI solutions already include advanced sensor arrays, pattern recognition (for anomaly detection) and machine learning. Many of the key elements of true AI are in place, therefore, and development has started to accelerate!

Move towards the Dark Factory. The end point of industrial AI, as defined by industry leaders in other sectors, is the idea of Autonomous Production, sometimes known as the Dark Factory – not just hands off, eyes off, to use VMI’s familiar mantra, but lights off, too!

We think use of AI in this context is the most important of all evolutionary steps, as it enables tyre manufacturers to start gaining cost and agility benefits fast while closing down redundant processes and hardware in their own time. To be clear, there will remain major differences in scope, size and potential between different industry players in the age of AI, but implementing a governing intelligence, end to end, will be common to all.

STARTING THE JOURNEY

All of us have our own individual, evolutionary journey. The key objective for every business leader in this complex, global industry is how to build their own roadmap to the future. There is no longer any question about whether we need to change or not – we certainly do – but we have no choice about where we start from. Our starting position also defines our short-term objectives.

Our conclusions are simple but – we think – unavoidable.

• Change is coming for us all. We have the option of choosing our own path and our own priorities. But not of standing still.
• Change is not just about technology: it also covers the organisation, people, partners and customers. Technology might be powerful, but if you can’t find the skills and budget to implement it, then it remains theoretical.
• AI is not a magic bullet: this simple term covers a complex suite of capabilities and techniques that need to be understood in depth and implemented with care.
• All change processes follow the same basic rules and stages. Simplify and save money now; mitigate risk and be able to stop and go back if needed; test new concepts one by one and don’t go onto the next until you have mastered the first.

The journey is what matters, and you will need a map, guidance, partners and friends to make the journey both safe and productive. It’s not revolution but evolution: that is the word that defines both the challenge and the way to make change work for you. 

The author is the Chief Commercial Officer at VMI. 

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As a surviving member of the ‘baby boomer’ generation that commenced with the rapid economic growth following the World War II, I think we are, in a broad sense, privileged to have witnessed and experienced the happenings and consequences of about 50 years in the 20th Century and about 30 years in the 21st Century. When contemplating on the term literacy and its traditional meaning of being able to read and write from an educational perspective, I feel it fitting to cite a few real-life cases, from way back, which make me to wonder whether the above interpretation of literacy is all encompassing.

a) My maternal grandmother, who was born in 1900, did not know reading or writing, a typical feature about the female folk in that era, especially in the remote villages. Despite this apparent handicap, she successfully managed the day-to-day administration of the paddy fields and the rubber plantation, including finances, and raised three children to become worthy human beings.

b) Then there were these three young people who had migrated to Colombo with minimal formal education and started their business in humble ways to become well recognised icons of international fame in the healthcare, confectionary and rubber footwear and tyres, respectively, the latter being related to my own core field, the rubber industry.

c) Last but not the least, the late Martin Wickremasinghe, born in the late 19th century, who attended school only up to the 7th standard, wrote hundreds of books on diverse subjects such as history, anthropology, sociology, religion and literature and several novels (some of which were translated to several languages), which rightfully recognised him as a well-respected scholar and the greatest writer in Sri Lanka.

While it may be futile to compare apples with oranges, I feel that literacy has a utilitarian perspective, which can change with the social context and the circumstances. With my manufacturing background, I see a close parallel of literacy and quality. Out of the hundreds of definitions available of the latter, ‘fitness for use and the level to which requirements are fulfilled’ is applicable to literacy as well.

When going through the available information on the subject, it is noted that ‘literate’ can be traced back to the early 15th century from the Latin word literatus, meaning learned, educated and lettered. Initially, literate meant someone who was well educated, learned and acquainted with literature, and over time, as basic schooling became more widespread, the word was adapted to describe the foundational skill of reading and writing. The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines literacy primarily as ‘the ability to read and write’. Two core definitions for the term are identified as Basic Literacy, the fundamental ability to read and write, and Specialised Literacy, the competence, knowledge or skill in a specific subject area in which common modern applications include:

a) Computer literacy: The ability to use computers effectively.

b) Financial literacy: Understanding and effectively managing personal finances.

c) Health literacy: The capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services.

It could be inferred that we, the ‘baby boomers’, currently at an advanced stage in life, cannot do without the above basic literacies, and as a minimum, the routine health check such as blood sugar, blood pressure, LDL and HDL etc. to survive and lead active lives.

It is said that writing originated primarily out of economic necessity as the early agricultural societies grew and needed to track goods, taxes and trade. The evolution of writing from rudimentary clay tokens in to the world’s first independent writing systems in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Mesoamerica around 3200 BC to 3000 BC is a story that requires a deeper elucidation at a different forum.

Literacy is considered as one of the most important foundations of civilisation and has played a crucial role in human survival and existence both evolutionary and historically. However, instead of going into a deliberation of these foundational perspectives, I intend to offer some of my personal insights and recollections on this important subject over the past 60-plus years. I can recollect how at preschool stage, we were initiated into the basics of reading and writing using slates and slate pencils (made out of a silicious material) and the ‘black boards’ in the class room where chalk was used for writing. Literacy mainly meant the ability to read and write and, in later classes, in performing basic arithmetic. In schools and workplace, literacy was closely connected to formal education and subject knowledge. A literate person was one who could understand written communications, reads books and newspapers, write letters and maintain records and perform effectively in society. It was directly connected to social respectability and economic progress.

Literacy in English was considered as a rare virtue in countries which were under the British colonial rule. It was confined only to a few ‘high level’ schools in Colombo and in some major towns. Hailing from a rural background and having attended a small primary school in a remote town, I have first-hand experience of the panic and inferiority when I started secondary education in Colombo. This was especially true when we started studying for the Government (Ordinary Level Exams) in the science stream which was all in English. It was a struggle to get adapted and face the challenge, which I would say, I managed fairly well.

In those days, literacy was essentially confined to formal education and subject knowledge. Students were expected to memorise facts, understand texts and reproduce the information during the examinations. Books and libraries were the main sources of knowledge. Teachers were well recognised and respected as the primary sources of knowledge. And learning was generally a disciplined and structured process. And information, though limited, was relatively organised. I do not consider this as a deficiency or a weakness at all, because it fitted well with the societal and business expectations of those days.

I can well remember the day of my first interview seeking a job, which happened to be in the rubber industry. Instead of asking about isoprene or how the RSS (Ribbed Smoked Sheet) is made, although I managed to cram some information about the latter, I was asked about Ohm’s Law and how steel is made from iron ore. I was lucky because in our Advanced Level class, we had studied the above, and this paved way for a lifelong career in the rubber industry.

Literacy seems to be directly proportional to the rate of percolation or trickling down of the technologies to countries in our part of the world, and this was a rather slow process until the early eighties. However, mankind is evolutionary geared for ‘adaptive radiation’, which in modern jargon can be interpreted as how quickly we learn and get used to the new situations and contingencies as we meet new frontiers. According to the modern theories of cognitive learning, we acquire new knowledge through assimilation of new concepts (schemas) or by accommodation of incoming concepts into our existing knowledge. As an example, I can relate with my personal experience how my literacy in rubber technology evolved, starting as young trainee with very little knowledge on rubber. With the rapid development of science, technology and globalisation and artificial intelligence, the meaning of literacy has expanded beyond the traditional horizons.

In contrast to the scenario of over 50 years ago, today’s literacy has grown to include cultural awareness, ethical understanding, workplace competence, computer literacy, digital communication and the ability to manage continually increasing volumes of information; some of them are very often recurring and sometimes redundant. Some key diversions are shown as follows:

a) Educational and subject literacy: While mathematical and scientific literacy, language proficiency and analytical thinking is essential, they go beyond memorising facts to effective application of the knowledge.

b) Cultural literacy: This has become increasingly important in this era of extending globalisation for respectful understanding and effective communications. This also includes awareness of history, religion, social values and traditions, which lamentably is declining amongst the younger generations.

c) Ethical literacy: This simply means the ability to distinguish the right and the wrong, social responsibility and taking morally sound decisions. Ethical failures can cause serious and disastrous consequences at the work place or the society.

d) Workplace literacy: Today’s workplace literacy includes communication skills, teamwork, time management, leadership, and most importantly, emotional intelligence and empathy.

Cognitive overload is another major challenge in this era of information wilderness where virtually every perceivable member of the community is inundated with vast volumes of information every moment, which often creates confusion. The human mind has limited capacity for attention and memory. Continuous digital distractions can weaken concertation, reduce reflective thinking and may affect mental wellbeing.

While the meaning of literacy has undergone a remarkable transformation over the past 60 years or so, the digital age has created opportunities as well as unpresented challenges. Modern literacy requires not only access to information but also the wisdom to evaluate, analyse and apply it effectively. Books, reading habits, reflective thinking and reliable sources of knowledge remain essential even in the era of artificial intelligence.

For many years, literacy and competency have been considered as different subjects. However, in the modern world, the demarcation between the two have been gradually getting blurred. Literacy does not simply mean how much one knows but more on how the knowledge is applied for value creation. This convergence is evident in all walks of life. Employers are increasingly seeking persons who can demonstrate competence rather than merely possessing qualifications. Competency-based education has entered the curricula of many private and governmental institutions in Sri Lanka. Conventionally, Sri Lanka is said to possess one of the highest literacy rates in the region. However, the progress achieved in many aspects of socio-economic, ethical and cultural fronts do not seem to have a matching congruence with competency.

As the American writer, futurist and businessman Alvin Tofler (1928-2016) once quoted,

“The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.”

The meaning centres on the shift from static knowledge to the critical need for constant adaptability in a rapidly evolving world.

The author is a Management Counsellor from Sri Lanka.

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