production defects in the final product and increase productivity with AI based scanning, inspection, real-time decision-making processes.
Digitalisation in the tyre industry is a gradual process that will improve performance, quality and profitability being on the way of real Industry 4.0 applications in tyre manufacturing. It continually opens up new opportunities to leverage data for better decision-making. Overall, digitalisation in tyre manufacturing is a powerful tool that unlocks the full potential of production. However, after implementation, continuous investment, as well as internal research and improvements, are required.
The tyre manufacturing industry is constantly evolving. Machines are becoming increasingly automated, more precise and data-driven. Recent advances based on the principles of Industry 4.0 include the aforementioned IoT, AI (artificial intelligence), robotics and sustainability.
Industry 4.0-driven digitalisation is based on the concept of the ‘digital twin’, meaning every machine is a data node. Data from every step (compound parameters, component dimensions, curing profiles) is collected for each tyre. This creates a virtual replica of the physical tyre, which is a ‘digital twin’ that enables complete traceability and data-driven process optimisation.
The role of humans is evolving from simple manual tasks to monitoring, diagnostics and data analysis. Robots, especially collaborative robots or cobots,
are taking over tasks such as final inspection and material handling. These revolutionary steps and concepts are having a major impact on manufacturing, optimising quality, performance, customer satisfaction and contributing to business success.
Modern mixing systems are increasingly replacing conventional tangential mixers. The intermeshing of the two rotors ensures more efficient and homogeneous mixing with better temperature control. This leads to higher mixing quality and consistency.
New mixing technologies, on the other hand, utilise ‘continuous mixing systems’, i.e. the continuous and simultaneous supply of all raw materials in precisely controlled quantities. The materials are continuously mixed in a series of specialised extruders and mixing units. At the end, a continuous stream of a perfectly homogeneous mixture emerges. This represents a revolution compared to conventional batch mixing. It improves energy efficiency, reduces the carbon footprint and enables unprecedented consistency and traceability.
Highly automated ‘multi-calender systems’ are equipped with multiple rollers that can simultaneously produce multiple layers (e.g. carcass ply, squeegee layer or inner liner) with extreme precision in thickness and width. Similar to extrusion lines with laser thickness control, these systems ensure 100 percent control and transmit data immediately to the extrusion head and calender roll clearances for automatic adjustment and maintenance of tolerances down to a fraction of a millimetre.
Thanks to the ‘multi-stage transfer’, the tyre casing is transferred between drums for the various production steps automatically and without human intervention, automatic cutting and splicing prevent deviations in quality. RFID technology integrated fully assures correct recipe and security in component application.
The robotic application and component preparation, such as with 6-axis robots, is now widely used for the fast and precise gripping and placement of complex components such as bead and apex assemblies.
Electric vulcanising presses are equipped with intelligent mould controls, whose integrated sensors monitor temperature and pressure in real time across multiple zones. The AI system dynamically adjusts the vulcanisation cycle (time, temperature, steam pressure) to ensure perfect curing of each tyre and compensate for any mould or material deviations.
Furthermore, predictive maintenance is now essential to avoid unplanned production downtime. Vibration, temperature and pressure sensors installed on manufacturing machines monitor all machine functions and alert when maintenance is required. High-precision servomotors, replacing pneumatic or hydraulic systems, work with servo-electric robots and are used in various production phases with submillimetre precision, reducing energy consumption and maintenance requirements.
The most visible technological advances in finishing and inspection lines today are fully automated with full sensitive cameras, AI-integrated and non-destructive testing (NDT) machines. Automated high-resolution X-ray machines scan each tyre to detect hidden defects such as trapped air, steel cord separation, or bead wire issues. Shearography and holography – being traditional but now equipped with intuitive, incredibly fast and precise modes – use lasers and intelligence to detect underlying defects or separations by measuring stress-induced deformations.
Uniformity and force variation measurement systems utilise AI algorithms to not only identify a tyre as ‘good’ or ‘bad’ but also diagnose the root cause of the deviation. Robotic trimming and polishing machines automatically locate and remove burrs (excess rubber) from the tyre using precise grinding tools – a traditionally manual and laborious task.
Of course, the future of tyre manufacturing, driven by advanced digitalisation, IoT and robotics, is rapidly evolving into a model for a smart, autonomous and sustainable industry, often referred to as ‘Tyre Industry 4.0’.
This transformation isn’t just about doing the same things faster; it will fundamentally change tyre design, production, sales and even performance. Tyre production facilities will become more autonomous, adaptable, efficient, predictive, personalised and, as expected, more sustainable.
Industry 4.0 and AI-powered digitalisation will accelerate sustainability. Precision manufacturing minimises material waste through the use of high-precision components. AI can easily manage energy consumption throughout the factory. IoT sensors monitor the overall condition of tyres, ensuring fast tyre changes, safety and performance.
This transformation will lead to safer, more efficient and more environmentally friendly tyres.
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