Despite two decades of reform, Europe’s tyre recycling ecosystem remains mired in regulatory inertia and market fragmentation. While the EU successfully curbed tyre landfilling in the early 2000s and achieved high collection rates, true circularity remains elusive. Over half of collected tyres are still incinerated rather than recycled into new products. The lack of mandatory recycled content targets, harmonised end-of-waste criteria and coherent eco-design regulations continue to stall progress. As environmental stakes rise and end-markets like artificial turf face bans, EuRIC’s latest manifesto lays bare the urgent need for systemic reform, spotlighting persistent policy voids, legal ambiguities and missed opportunities across the value chain.

Europe’s tyre recycling challenges have been building for over two decades. Back in 1999, the European Union banned tyre landfilling under Directive 1999/31/EC. This forced a major shift, and by 2003, landfilling tyres was officially prohibited. At that point, Europe still struggled to manage the sheer volume of end-of-life tyres (ELTs), often resorting to incineration or exporting them for disposal elsewhere.

Since then, collection rates improved dramatically, from around 25 percent in the mid-1990s to nearly 95 percent by 2010, but recycling quality remained substandard. Although most ELTs were collected, half were used for energy recovery, not material recycling. True circular solutions like reusing rubber in new tyres have lagged due to technological and regulatory hurdles

Complex EU regulations, limited mandates on recycled content and ecological concerns slow innovation. Over the past few years, initiatives like Life Green Vulcan, BlackCycle and policy push from the European Recycling Industries’ Confederation (EuRIC) show growing momentum, but real impact is yet to be seen.

EuRIC has been constantly advocating reforms that would change the course of the continent’s tyre recycling space with its recent manifesto delving into the immediate steps that ought to be undertaken to strengthen the tyre recycling industry.

EuRIC, through its Mechanical Tyres Recycling Branch (MTR), outlined a comprehensive vision for strengthening Europe’s tyre recycling sector. With over five million tonnes of tyres produced annually in the EU and around three million tonnes becoming ELTs, only about half are recycled – the rest are incinerated. EuRIC underscores the environmental advantages of mechanical tyre recycling and advocates for prioritising it over energy recovery to align with circular economy goals.

Speaking to Tyre Trends on the biggest obstacles to implementing mandatory recycled rubber content targets in new tyres and how industry collaboration can help overcome them, EuRIC’s Technical Advisor for tyres, Gabriel Gomez, mentioned, “Currently, the main regulatory challenge is the lack of a mandate from the authorities to define how and when the mandatory recycled content targets are to be implemented. We have received good feedback from the manufacturers in Europe regarding their willingness to include these targets. However, there is a need for a solidly defined regulatory framework that guarantees a level playing field in the tyre value chain and promotes innovation in this area.”

“The main risk of failing to implement harmonised end-of-waste criteria lies in the growing, practical need for a defined set of criteria to determine end-of-waste status. If the EU delays further in the creation of harmonised end-of-waste criteria, this will push member states to create their own national criteria, which could vary significantly and prove incompatible. This fragmentation would lead to market disruption, create confusion across the value chain and introduce legal uncertainty – all of which would ultimately weaken the European recycling industry and its competitiveness,” he added.

He noted that EuRIC strongly supports a complete ban on the export of tyres and tyre shreds for incineration or landfilling. These practices represent a misuse of valuable resources that should be reintegrated into the economy and clearly contradict the waste hierarchy in the European Waste Framework Directive.

“EuRIC, representing Europe’s tyre recyclers would welcome swift implementation of such a ban, especially since existing tools such as the Waste Shipment Regulation are already being used to prevent exports to operators and facilities that do not ensure environmentally sound treatment of these materials,” noted Gomez.

THE MANIFESTO

The recently published manifesto by EuRIC proposes five key policy actions to address systemic barriers and unlock the potential of tyre recycling. First, it calls for mandatory recycled content targets – 10 percent for new tyres and 20 percent for automotive parts – to stimulate demand and reduce reliance on virgin rubber. Public procurement and financial incentives like VAT reductions are also suggested to support this demand shift. Currently, artificial turf accounts for a major share of ELT-derived rubber, but impending bans on micro-plastics threaten this end-market, making policy support more critical.

Second, EuRIC demands a ban on the export of unprocessed and shredded waste tyres outside the EU. ELTs are often exported to regions with weak environmental controls, where they are landfilled or incinerated. Countries like India have become significant importers, raising environmental and regulatory concerns. To counter this, EuRIC stresses the need for strict enforcement of the EU’s Waste Shipment Regulation and advocates for EU-wide end-of-waste (EoW) criteria to facilitate trade within the EU and promote high-value recycling.

Thirdly, the manifesto emphasises the importance of eco-design in tyres, urging that tyres be made retreadable, recyclable and free from hazardous substances. Innovations like self-sealing and noise-reducing foams, while performance-enhancing, impede recycling and can even cause fires during shredding. EuRIC supports the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR) and wants tyre manufacturers to bear the cost of non-recyclable designs.

Fourth, EuRIC promotes the Digital Product Passport (DPP) as a key enabler of recycling efficiency. Current data on tyres is insufficient; hence, they propose leveraging RFID technology to track chemical composition and recyclability through a centralised database. This transparency would help recyclers better handle materials and comply with chemical regulations.

Lastly, the manifesto addresses the need for a science-based chemicals policy that supports recycling rather than undermining it. The current trend towards hazard-based regulation with near-zero thresholds for certain chemicals risks sidelining recycled materials. EuRIC urges a shift towards risk-based assessments, transparent

testing methods and harmonised standards to ensure recycled materials remain viable in the EU’s green transition.

TOWARDS RECYCLABILITY

According to Gomez, mechanical tyre recycling is a recycling method for rubber that has stood the test of time. It remains the most common and best-established route for recycling tyres in Europe with the technology offering high-quality output. It also has the added value that it can serve as a reliable supplier for further processing technologies dealing with vulcanised rubber. Recycled rubber from ELTs offers significant potential for technologies that require a uniform and predictable input to maintain control over industrial processes.

Nonetheless, over three years after rubber from ELTs was prioritised, no regulation has materialised yet. Commenting on what lead to the stalling, Gomez noted, “The past year has brought major changes at EU level with the start of a new Commission mandate, which may explain the shift in priorities. However, at EuRIC we are working closely with manufactures and policymakers to keep the issue high on the agenda. We see harmonised EoW criteria as a key opportunity to align the interests of recyclers and manufacturers. Harmonised EoW criteria would bring significant benefits for the entire value chain, from boosting investment and legal certainty to increasing the uptake of recycled materials.”

Alluding to whether the current EU chemicals legislation, especially restrictions on substances like PAHs, appropriately balances environmental protection with the needs of a circular economy or does it unintentionally favour virgin materials, he stated, “It is not a matter of favouring virgin materials. The main issue is that the current legislation is not designed to consider that the materials in an article may have more than one life. Whenever the legislation targets the content of a substance in a recycled material, sometimes it fails to consider the real exposure to the substance based on the application and the nature of the material.”

Digital Product Passport is another vital tool for the entire industry’s circularity goals. While it is still in its early stages, EuRIC notes that there are projects that target the implementation of the DPP in tyres and it is optimistic about the possibilities this tool offers to the industry. Amongst the information that the DPP should make available for recyclers is the contents of substances of concern and hazardous substances as well as any substances or features that would hinder the recycling of the tyres. With this information in hand, the recyclers will be able to sort the tyres in a manner that allows for safer recycled products and more efficient processing.

PERSISTENT HURDLES

According to Gomez, illegal or poorly regulated exports of tyres create serious problems both economically and environmentally. They drain valuable raw materials from the EU and risk harming the environment and public health in importing countries if ELTs are not treated in an environmentally sound manner.

Furthermore, the loss goes beyond the economic aspect when it comes to the materials used on tyres. Incinerating ELTs destroys a valuable resource like rubber and locks us into a linear economy model that’s no longer fit for purpose. Recycling, on the other hand, and overall circularity of tyres, keeps materials in the loop, boosts resilience and contributes to EU sustainability and competitiveness.

A strong starting point to combat illegal exports would be the rigorous enforcement of the Waste Shipment Regulation, specifically targeting ELT exports. If recyclers can count on a steady, reliable supply of materials, they will invest. Increased availability of material and supply security are essential to encourage investments in recycling.

“An important take-away of the policy related to tyre recycling is that tyres should be treated as strategic resources, not just waste. Tyres are essential to every economy activity and inevitably reach its end-of-life stage. This makes it critical to regulate the full lifecycle, from design to disposal, with circularity in mind. Aligning on principles, like prioritising recycling over landfilling or incineration, would already be a big step forward globally,” averred Gomez.

Commenting whether Europe’s mechanical recycling infrastructure is equipped to handle a sharp increase in ELTs if exports are banned, he mentioned, “The mechanical tyre recyclers in Europe are determined to meet the challenge and tackle the increase in ELTs if an export ban is implemented. However, unlocking further capacity and investments in future development projects depend on regulatory certainty. That means a guaranteed level playing field through harmonised EoW criteria, recycled content targets and eco-design for improved recyclability. With the right framework and tools, uncertainty can be removed and investments will follow.”

While the mandatory recycled content requirements are essential to boost recycling, complementary short-term financial incentives, whether market-based or fiscal, are equally necessary to close the price gap between primary and recycled materials. Fiscal incentives, such as reduced VAT rates for recycled materials and products made from recycled materials, can play a major role in encouraging uptake. Green public procurement also holds substantial potential to stimulate demand for more sustainable and circular products.

Recycled materials from ELTs have real potential in the EV supply chain. Interest is growing, and EuRIC is confident that recycled rubber can be a reliable, high-quality material to support the shift to greener mobility.

Gomez noted that there are many encouraging examples of manufacturers incorporating recycled and sustainable materials into tyre design. A great advantage that recycled materials from ELTs offer is the availability of high-quality recycled raw materials that reliably allow manufacturers to experiment and innovate as they know that the recycling industry is capable and ready to deliver.

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As Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) frameworks expand globally, the tyre industry is undergoing a structural transformation. Collection systems are improving, traceability is increasing and investments in recycling technologies are accelerating. However, one critical tension remains insufficiently addressed: the speed of industry evolution is outpacing the agility of public policy. And within that gap, one key question emerges: where does retreading fit in this new circular economy architecture?

A STRUCTURAL PARADOX

Retreading represents one of the most efficient forms of resource optimisation in the tyre lifecycle. It extends product life, reduces raw material consumption and lowers emissions. Yet, in many regulatory frameworks, it is still treated ambiguously – often grouped with recycling rather than recognised as prevention or preparation for reuse. This distinction is not semantic. It is strategic. Because when policy fails to differentiate, markets fail to prioritise.

A FAST-MOVING INDUSTRY, A SLOW-MOVING FRAMEWORK

The tyre market is evolving in real time:

1. Increasing penetration of low-cost imports.
2. Growing variability in product quality.
3. Accelerated turnover cycles.

Retreading, in this context, becomes more than a circular solution. It becomes a filter of industrial quality. Not all tyres are equally retreadable. And that difference defines their real contribution to circularity. Yet most EPR systems continue to operate with uniform economic signals, failing to distinguish between products that enable multiple lifecycles and those that exit the system after a single use.

SIGNALS FROM EUROPE

Recent developments in countries like Portugal – where eco-fees applied to retreaded tyres approach those of low-cost, non-differentiated new tyres – highlight a concerning trend. Similarly, in Spain, industry representatives continue to advocate for a clearer institutional recognition of retreading within EPR systems. These cases illustrate a broader issue: circular policies can unintentionally undermine higher-value circular strategies.

THE MISSING LINK: PERFORMANCE-BASED POLICY

What is missing is not regulation. It is regulatory precision. EPR systems have successfully organised waste flows. But they have not yet evolved to reward performance within the lifecycle. This is where eco-modulation becomes critical.

ECO-MODULATION AS A STRATEGIC LEVER

Eco-modulation should not be a marginal adjustment. It should be a core industrial policy tool. Properly designed, it can:

• Differentiate tyres based on real circular
• performance.
• Incentivise durability and retreadability.
• Penalise short-lifecycle, non-recoverable products.
• Align market behaviour with system objectives.
• To operationalise this, we need new metrics.

FROM COMPLIANCE TO PERFORMANCE: A PROPOSED FRAMEWORK

The next step for EPR systems is to move towards performance-based differentiation. This could be implemented through instruments such as:

• Retreadability Index (RI)
• Performance Score (CPS)

These would measure:

• Number of effective retreading cycles per tyre.
• Structural durability and casing quality.
• Real contribution to lifecycle extension.

Under such a system:

• Tyres with higher retreadability would receive lower eco-fees.
• Products that systematically fail to re-enter the cycle
• would face higher costs.
• This is not just a technical refinement. It is a shift from:
• Generic compliance.
• To intelligent market shaping.

THE LATIN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE

In Latin America, the stakes are even higher.

The region faces:

• Structural dependence on imported tyres.
• Strong presence of low-cost, low-durability products.
• Emerging EPR frameworks (Chile, Costa Rica, Peru, Ecuador)

Chile, for example, through its EPR law (Ley REP), has made significant progress in structuring collection and recovery targets. However, like many systems, it still faces the challenge of fully integrating reuse strategies into its economic logic. Under these conditions, retreading is not just an environmental solution. It is a strategic industrial capability.

BEYOND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Latin America has a unique opportunity to design EPR systems not only to manage waste

but to govern resources and shape markets.

This means:

• Incentivising retreadable tyres
• Strengthening local retreading industries
• Reducing dependence on short-lifecycle imports
• Building resilience into supply chains

But this requires something critical: policy agility. Because if regulation lags behind market dynamics, it will not transform the system – it will merely formalise its inefficiencies.

A STRATEGIC CONCLUSION

If EPR systems are designed without properly integrating retreading – and without differentiating based on actual circular performance – they risk reinforcing a linear logic under a circular narrative. For emerging regions, this would be a critical mistake

The discussion around repair, reuse and retreading can no longer be treated merely as a waste management issue. It is increasingly becoming a matter of industrial resilience, strategic autonomy and economic security.

As global supply chains face growing pressure from geopolitical fragmentation, logistics disruptions and volatility in raw material markets, extending the useful life of products is emerging as a strategic capability for nations and industries alike.

In this context, Right to Repair should not be understood only as a consumer right but also as an industrial policy tool capable of strengthening local economies, reducing external dependency, preserving technical capabilities and supporting more resilient production systems.

Retreading, remanufacturing and reuse are part of a broader transition where value creation is no longer based exclusively on extraction and disposal but increasingly on intelligence, efficiency and lifecycle management.

CIRCULARITY WITHOUT HIERARCHY BECOMES INEFFICIENCY. REGULATION WITHOUT DIFFERENTIATION BECOMES DISTORTION.

Final note

The future of the tyre industry will not be defined only by how we recycle, but by how intelligently we extend the life of what we already produce. And that requires alignment between:

• Industry dynamics.
• Policy design.
• And strategic vision.

In that equation, retreading must move from the margins to the centre. Because properly understood, it is not just a process. It is a strategic filter, an industrial policy tool and a geopolitical lever.

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The Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries (ANRPC) has released its market report for May 2026, depicting a sector characterised by sustained price strength and firm fundamentals. The global natural rubber market received additional upward momentum from a decline in Brent crude oil prices, which averaged USD 107.14 per barrel during the month. This represented a month-on-month decrease of 8.65 percent, attributed to easing geopolitical tensions in the Middle East and the temporary reopening of the Strait of Hormuz, which collectively bolstered the commodity's outlook.

Global production projections for 2026 stand at 15.337 million tonnes, marking a 2.4 percent increase from the previous year, with growth driven by Thailand, China, India and Malaysia, even as output moderates in Indonesia and Vietnam. Monthly production, however, fell to 997,000 tonnes in May, a year-on-year decline of 4.7 percent, due to seasonal wintering and dry weather conditions across South and Southeast Asia. Concurrently, worldwide consumption is forecast to rise by 1.3 percent to 15.550 million tonnes for the year, with May's consumption reaching 1.310 million tonnes, a 4.6 percent annual increase. This demand was underpinned by steady tyre manufacturing, electric vehicle-related consumption and resilient purchasing managers' indices in China and India, alongside record auto retail sales in India.

Physical prices for all major grades recorded broad-based gains throughout May, with SMR-20, STR-20, RSS-3, RSS-4 and latex all experiencing increases. Trade flows showed a mixed pattern, as imports from China and India contracted month-on-month, while Malaysia and Vietnam registered significant gains. On the export front, Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand recorded increases, whereas Indonesia and Malaysia saw declines. Currency movements saw the Malaysian ringgit ease slightly, while the Thai baht traded within a stable range, and both nations reported decelerating GDP growth for the first quarter of 2026. Futures contracts on the SHFE and SGX reflected tightening supply and firm demand, posting notable month-on-month gains.

The market outlook remains cautiously balanced against a backdrop of several macroeconomic factors. Elevated trade tensions between United States and China, ongoing geopolitical conflicts and a steady United States Federal Reserve interest rate policy present potential headwinds. However, these are being offset by supportive elements, including the accelerating adoption of electric vehicles, tight feedstock supply due to adverse weather and the positive market sentiment generated by the European Union's decision to lower anti-dumping duties on Chinese tyres.

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Zeon Corporation has introduced a novel data management system specifically designed for elastomer research and development, marking the company’s first foray into a subscription-based service model. The platform is engineered to centralise and streamline R&D data pertaining to rubber products, with the primary goal of enhancing operational efficiency and accelerating developmental processes for its clientele. The initial phase of the rollout will concentrate on the Japanese market, with a strategic plan to broaden access to other regions in the future.

The elastomer industry frequently grapples with the fragmentation of data across disparate systems, which complicates the effective utilisation of historical information. Through extensive experience in elastomer supply and sustained client engagement, Zeon has identified this operational hurdle as a pervasive issue affecting the entire sector. This recognition has been the catalyst for developing a solution that directly confronts these data management deficiencies.

The newly launched system incorporates specialised functionalities that are finely attuned to the nuances of rubber product R&D. It integrates a comprehensive database that combines master data for key compounding agents available in Japan with extensive catalogue information, facilitating rapid and efficient data access for daily research tasks. The platform’s intuitive interface and user experience are meticulously crafted to optimise usability and data visualisation, with a commitment to ongoing enhancements based on evolving customer requirements.

Zeon has formally designated this data management solution as a growth driver for its strategic initiatives, extending beyond the Phase 3 objectives of its STAGE30 medium-term plan. The company envisions this business becoming a cornerstone of its strategy to augment the value proposition of its elastomer operations. By synergising its deep-seated elastomer expertise with advanced data utilisation technologies, Zeon is poised to foster innovation in client R&D and propel the overall advancement of the elastomer industry.

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A new bio-based cut & chip resin for the most demanding applications.

NaugaShield BIO-TR 30 is SI Group’s latest advancement in bio-based performance resins designed to significantly improve cut and chip resistance in high-severity rubber applications. With approximately 75 percent bio-based content, this innovative material delivers on sustainability targets while exceeding the performance typically associated with petroleum-derived resins, making it a strong choice for applications such as OTR tyres in mining, construction and agriculture, mining conveyor belts, rubber tracks and mill linings.

Cut and chip resistance is a complex set of material behaviours, including static mechanical strength, dynamic response under deformation and ability to withstand sharp impacts and abrasive environments. In demanding applications such as mining or agriculture, materials must tolerate repeated high-strain loading and resist the initiation and propagation of tears. NaugaShield™ BIO-TR 30 was developed precisely to meet these conditions, demonstrating notably low dynamic heat buildup and excellent tear strength – characteristics closely tied to enhanced cut and chip resistance and long-term durability under cyclical loads.

To evaluate its performance, NaugaShield BIO-TR 30 was benchmarked in an Off-road Rib Tread formulation against two widely used industry references: a gum rosin/semi-aromatic C5/C9 resin combination and a styrenated DCPD resin. All materials were tested at an equal loading of 10 phr to provide a direct and unbiased comparison. Under these conditions, the bio-based resin consistently outperformed both alternatives, offering a stronger balance of reinforcing behaviour, improved tear propagation resistance and superior resistance to thermal degradation during dynamic flexing. Further improvements were achievable by reducing the amount of free extender oil in the compound, underscoring the resin’s adaptability in formulation design and its ability to unlock even greater performance when optimised.

These laboratory indicators were corroborated through extended Coesfeld Cut & Chip testing (see chart), in which compounds were subjected to up to 3,000 cycles at 200 rpm under a 200N applied force. Formulations containing NaugaShield BIO-TR 30 exhibited substantially lower mass loss and maintained tread surface integrity more effectively than the hydrocarbon and gum rosin-based-benchmarks. The performance advantage was even more pronounced in compounds adjusted for lower free oil content, confirming that the resin can be tailored to meet the durability requirements of the most challenging operating conditions.

The strong performance of NaugaShield BIO-TR 30 in OTR tread compounds can be readily transferred to other rubber goods that encounter similar wear mechanisms. Applications such as mining belts, agricultural and construction tracks or mill linings benefit from the resin’s ability to reinforce the rubber matrix, reduce crack growth under repeated impact and maintain structural cohesion under high-strain deformation. This versatility allows manufacturers to integrate a 75 percent bio-based resin that supports sustainability by reducing fossil-based content and helping end products last longer while maintaining – and often improving – operational performance across multiple product lines.

NaugaShield BIO-TR 30 is currently available in commercial quantities, enabling compounders and manufacturers to move directly from laboratory evaluation to pilot- and production-scale trials.

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