When we discuss about a motorcycle's performance, we generally speak about its engine power, torque, top speed, how fast it can accelerate, vehicle sound etc. Nevertheless, all these are meaningless if a driver cannot control the machine and/or is not comfortable while riding. There comes the importance of tyres. Tyres are the most crucial parts of a vehicle suspension system.  Tyres are the only component in a motorcycle that constantly stays in contact with the road. The part of tread which is in contact with road surface is called ‘contact patch’ & Is about half the size of a post card.  The overall suspension system (including tyres) ensures the right contact between the tires and the road surface at every stage of driving, thereby ensuring stability and good handling of the vehicle.

As tyres are the only contact with the road, they are responsible for multiple functions, such as –

Transfer the engine power to the road- meeting the demands of acceleration and braking

  Provides right hold (grip) on different surfaces like dry, wet, snow, loose soils etc.

  Helps the rider to steer the vehicle by responding to the handle movements

  Carry the weight of the vehicle & rider

 Ensuring the comfort of the rider by absorbing and dampening shock

Apart from the above aspects, tyres play a vital role in vehicle aesthetics, safety, fuel efficiency etc. These and several other challenges make Motorcycle tyre design a very interesting and responsible subject.

Apart from being a crucial part of a vehicle suspension system, tyres are the only contact between vehicle & road. Motorcycle vehicle dynamics and control characteristics are highly influenced by the tyre design. It is therefore highly imperative for a vehicle chase/suspension designer & tyre designer to work together in tandem. This will ensure that the part designs will complement each other and deliver the characteristic target performance of a motorcycle. A robust interaction mechanism between the R&Ds of OEM [Original Equipment Manufactures] and tyre manufactures is a growing necessity to cater to the ever‐increasing demands of performance entrusted upon the tyre of today. In case of tyres getting designed exclusively for aftermarket, a tyre designer work closely with the vehicle dynamics team to ensure that the retrofit design delivers desired target performance of the vehicle

Some of the major steps involved in motorcycle tyre design are

 Product planning & Tyre “Size” finalization: During this stage a vehicle designer & tyre designer jointly review the vehicle performance requirements and decides the parameters specific to tyre performance. This includes:

Defying the application /terrine: Depending on application, 2 wheelers maybe broadly classified as Sport, Cruiser, Choppers, Touring, scooter, Step through, Sport touring, Enduro etc. Different OEM’s follow different terminologies, but a for a tyre designer to understand the final use by the user is of utmost importance. Demands from a tyre varies with each vehicle category, for example, for a cruiser the tyre is designed to be robust so as to hold up the weight of such heavy bikes and deliver long tyre life, whereas for a Sport touring /super sport bike, tyres are  designed to deliver quick and precise handling with superior grip. These tires are lighter and made by using softer compounds for Superior grip.

Selection of Bias /Bias belted / Radial:   At this juncture, I am not going to delve deeper into a detailed comparison of these constructions – however, it is important to acknowledge that both these construction types have their respective advantages and disadvantages. Each of these constructions has few specific applications where one performs better than the other. The selection of construction type mainly depends on vehicle category (application), vehicle Speed, load on the tyre, stability requirements, handling requirements, etc. for example Bias tyres are used in medium speed but heavy weight vehicles owing to their sturdy sidewalls, whereas Radial tyres are the ideal choice for high speed , vehicles because of their superior dimensional stability.

Selection of Tube type Vs Tubeless:  Functionally both types of tyres have a proven track record for almost all applications. Hence this choice mainly depends on vehicle Rim design, which is decided by the overall aesthetic demand & application of the motorcycle.For high speed application, tubeless is always preferred

Finalizing the Tyre size / Tyre Geometry:  In general, we may call it as tyre “size” – which includes tyre width, tyre diameter, rim diameter etc. Tyre geometry affects the vehicle dynamics like caster, trail, vehicle Center of gravity [CoG], etc. It also influences the area of contact between vehicle and road surface under different riding conditions & load-carrying capacity of the tyres. Furthermore, tyre size significantly influences vehicle aesthetic as well.  Tyre “size” and vehicle rim size are always interconnected. Decision on one influence the decision on the other.  Usually motorcycles have different front and rear tyre sizes depending on vehicle geometry & load distribution. Tyre “sizes” are decided considering all these parameters & the designers ensures that it follows the standards’ guidelines applicable in target countries.

Tyre tread profile design:

Contrary to the passenger car tyre designs which have almost flat tread surface, motorcycle tires have a U-shaped profile and a contact patch that changes size and shape during cornering. There is a major difference in the way lateral force is built up in passenger car and two wheelers.  In case of passenger car, mechanism of lateral force builds up is due to slip angle whereas in two-wheeler it is mainly because of the camber or the leaning of the vehicle.  Hence you see a flat tread area for passenger car tyre and U-shaped profile for Motorcycle tyre

This U-shaped profile is an important design factor having a direct influence on vehicle performances such as drivability (handling) durability, ride comfort, noise and wear resistance etc.

These tread contours are designed as the arc of one radius, or a combination of arcs with two or more radii. These profiles ensure the required contact patch availability at different lean angles & are controlled by the lean characteristic of the vehicles. It is very critical to balance the performance of front tyre & rear tyre of s motorcycle for precise handling of the vehicle. The contour designs play an important role in front /Rear tyre balance.

Tyre tread pattern design:

Patterns are molded in the tread area of tyre by repeated arrangement of ‘Groves’ or ‘Blocks’ & are generally referred to as “tread pattern”.

Significance of tread pattern: 

Tread pattern plays a vital role in tyre performance such as:

Optimizing the traction on the riding surface

Eliminating aquaplaning

Optimizing the” Wear” of tread area·  

Ensuring the continuity of tyre performance at different wear Stages [ wear %] of tyre.

Rolling resistance of the tyre

Noise generation

roviding a measurable clue to the owner on time for removal /suitability for continuous usage. etc.

Tread patterns not only helps in achieving the target performance, but also impart unique look to tyres and enhance aesthetics

Tyre patterns are broadly classified into 4 Major headings

• Rib patterns
• Directional
• Block [ Knobby]
• Slick tyres [Pattern less]

Selection of which group of patterns is mainly controlled by the terrain of application, e.g. Directional patterns are preferred in paved roads and knobby pattern ae mainly used on off-road applications. Pattern less tyres are normally used in racing track applications to provide maximum traction.  Vehicles are designed to work in a combination of different terrains – similarly, tread patterns also have subgroups– which are optimized to operate in different combination of terrains. E.g. Semi knobby patterns for on – off allocations, High land – minimum grove patterns for Supersport highway applications etc.

Designer alter the direction of the grove, depth of the grove, number of groves, the ratio between Grove area & non grove area [ Land- sea ratio] , shape of the grove, the width of the grove etc. to optimize the performance of tread pattern. These patterns are designed to perform under different dynamic conditions. Nowadays designers seek the help of computer-aided simulations to predict the performance under different loading /riding conditions to optimize the pattern design.

Tyre as an Aesthetic component

The visual appeal of tyre is significant contributor in the overall aesthetics of a motorcycle. Hence in addition to performing all the functional requirements discussed so far, tyres ought to look good too.

The tread pattern should complement the overall styling language of a motorcycle. This attracts the attention of OEM’s vehicle styling studios towards tyre tread designs as well. In fact, most of the new tyre designs are done first at styling studio and then technically optimized by the tyre engineer to guarantee the functionality.

Material design

Tyre is a composite material made of different rubber compounds and reinforcing materials. Right compound and reinforcing material selection are crucial to achieve the target performance of tyre.

• Reinforcing materials:

Reinforcing materials provides the required strength and stiffness for tyre body [carcass]. This includes “tyre cords” used in tyre body ply & “bead wires” used in bead construction of tyres. Most used tyre cord materials are Nylon 6, Nylon 6-6, Polyester, Aramid, Rayon, Steel, etc.

These materials differ in their chemical composition, tensile strength, elongation properties, impact strength, temperature resistance, rubber adhesion, etc. Tyre engineer must choose the right tyre cords depending on the performance demands of the tyre like load carrying capacity, durability, impact resistance, drivability, speed of operations etc. Cost & availability also are few decisive parameters during selection of reinforcing materials.

Tyre Cord denier, cord style, EPI (Ends Per Inch), angle of cords and number of plies affect the strength of a tyre and are chosen based on engineering, and design criteria.

structural durability of a tyre is Primarily determined by the reinforcing material

• Rubber compound design

Each part of the tyre must dispense different functions and are thus designed with different rubber compounds like tread compound, sidewall compound, carcass compound, bead wire coat compound, etc.  Though all these compounds have their own importance, but tread compound selection is the most critical, as it has a direct impact on tyre traction, handling, wear performance, durability, rolling resistance, etc.

• • Trends of tread compound design:    

Even though smaller number of components are used in a motorcycle tyre, than as compared with passenger car tyres, but performance challenges involved in compounding are far more complex considering less area of tyre in contact with road. 3 major performance requirements in motorcycle tread compound are (1) Grip (2) Rolling resistance [fuel efficiency] and (3) Tyre life which is generally referred as the magic triangle in tyre rubber compounding. This is due to the contradictory response of these 3 performance characteristics to rubber compounding approach. For example, improvement in Grip normally comes with an increase in rolling resistance with conventional compounding as both are related to energy loss. It is always a challenge for tyre compounder to improve all three performance requirements together and this calls for the incorporation of advanced polymers and fillers.

Performance priorities for tread compound changes based on operating terrain, type of vehicle, etc. e.g. Street two-wheeler tread compound designs primarily focus on high grip and high-speed capabilities, whereas an on-off application tyre require higher cut and chunk resistance tread compound.

Demand for lower rolling resistance tyre is showing a steady increase Year-on-Year. Major divers for this growing demand are Electric vehicle introduction & increased focus on vehicle fuel efficiency, in few segments. Tread compounds are expected to deliver lower rolling resistance, without compromising the Grip – typical “magic triangle” puzzle for any tyre compounding engineer. Tyre industry can address this challenge by usage of new generation materials like SSBR, functionalized SSBR, high molecular

Design for manufacturing

For success of any product – Design & manufacturing sync is a must. While designing, to accommodate all functional requirements, a designer cannot ignore the significance of manufacturing process. Hence every tyre design is optimized to satisfy both functional & manufacturability needs. This if not done properly may result in suboptimal performance of the product,

Product Performance Testing

It’s important to review and verify the product performance before releasing it into the market. There are a set of Indoor & Outdoor tests for performance review. A few of them are listed below,

Indoor tests: High-speed drum test, Endurance test, Rolling resistance test, Force and moment testing, Stiffness test, Footprint etc.

Outdoor tests: Ride and Handling testing (track, off-road, public road etc.], Braking test [wet, dry], tyre wear test etc.

Blend of Engineering & Art

Being an integral part of vehicle suspension system & only contact point with road, a tyre plays significant role in motorcycle performance [safety, drivability etc.]. In addition to these performance parameters, tyres have significant influence on the overall styling of the vehicle. It complements the primary theme of the vehicle. A right blend of engineering and art is essential for a successful tyre design. One cannot substitute the other. Amongst different steps of tyre design like, dimension finalization, tread design & martial design etc. the most critical step is tread design (profile, pattern & compound)

Few areas designers are focusing today to  meet the near/middle future demands are

• Lowering the rolling resistance – without compromising grip
• Shortening the time to market.
• virtual simulation of tyre performance

 

References

1.  ‘’The pneumonic tyre’’, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Feb 2006
2. T. French, Tyre Technology, Hilger, New York, 1989.
3. Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires, S. K Clark, ed., University of Michigan, US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC, 20590, 1891.

     4.  Handbook of vehicle-road interaction: vehicle dynamics, suspension design, and road damage / edited by David Cebon. p. cm. - (Advances in engineering), ISBN 9026515545

    5. “Tyre and Vehicle Dynamics” , Hans B. Pacejka,  Professor Emeritus Delft University of Technology, Consultant TNO Automotive Helmond

     The author is General Manager - Product Development,2&3-Wheeler tyres, CEAT Tyres

AI mobile data capture company Anyline has released the latest version of TireBuddy, a smartphone-based system for automotive tyre inspections. Version 1.8 introduces fully automated sidewall capture that removes human variability from data collection. The tool has already helped service teams achieve faster, more uniform inspections over the past year, leading to increased tyre sales and stronger customer trust.

The automated mechanism uses on-device guidance that evaluates each image against four criteria: full sidewall detection, sharpness, proper distance and angle and overall clarity. This real-time feedback minimises redo scans by guiding technicians to capture optimal images immediately. The system addresses common challenges in busy service bays where accuracy often suffers due to varying experience levels.

Standardisation of inspection quality is a primary benefit, as consistent results are achieved regardless of who holds the phone. This removes dependency on technician skill or training duration. New or seasonal staff can perform scans confidently from day one without extensive instruction. The automated capture now serves as the standard protocol for all inspections across locations and shifts.

Additional features include tyre mismatch alerts that flag size discrepancies, automated email reports to back-office systems and a redesigned results screen consolidating sidewall information and tread measurements. With hundreds of thousands of annual inspections, this update reinforces TireBuddy's role in modernising tyre service operations.

Lukas Kinigadner, CRO, Anyline, said, “A shop is only as consistent as its least experienced inspector. Automated sidewall capture gets every scan to the same standard, so teams can stop treating inspection quality as a variable.”

Epson, a global leader in SCARA robot manufacturing, has unveiled its next-generation industrial robotics portfolio at Automation Expo Mumbai 2026. The newly introduced lineup features the high-end CX-A Series 6-axis robots, the LS-C Series SCARA robots, the RC+ 8.0 programming software and the advanced SafeSense safety technology, all designed to address diverse manufacturing applications such as pick-and-place, precision assembly, parts transfer and material handling.

The new offerings significantly expand Epson’s existing industrial robotics family, which already includes the 6-axis C-Series and SCARA T-Series and LS-Series models with payloads ranging from 3 to 20 kilogrammes. With the addition of the CX-A and LS-C Series, manufacturers across various sectors can achieve heightened productivity, flexibility and operational efficiency. The CX-A Series is engineered for complex tasks with a payload capacity of up to seven kilogrammes and a reach of 900 millimetres, available in IP67, cleanroom and ESD variants, while the LS-C Series provides a compact SCARA platform with a 50-kilogramme payload, a 1,000-millimetre reach and cycle times as fast as 0.298 seconds.

Complementing the hardware, the RC+ 8.0 software offers an integrated environment for programming, simulation and system management, facilitating faster automation deployment with support for Visual Studio and C++ development. Additional efficiency features include enhanced diagnostics, OPC UA, GUI builder and safety functions, alongside co-creation tools like Library Builder and RC+ Extension. Meanwhile, the SafeSense technology promotes safer human-robot collaboration by incorporating Safety Limited Speed and Safety Limited Position functions, which can potentially reduce the need for extensive safety fencing and thereby increase operational flexibility.

With over four decades of industrial robotics expertise and more than 200,000 robotic arms deployed globally, Epson continues to drive operational excellence for businesses. Attendees at Automation Expo Mumbai 2026 have the opportunity to view live demonstrations of these solutions and consult with Epson specialists about transforming their manufacturing operations.

Siva Kumar, Sr General Manager – Sales and Marketing, Epson India, said, "India is rapidly emerging as a global manufacturing hub, and automation will play a pivotal role in shaping its future. With our new industrial robot lineup and RC+ 8.0 platform, Epson is delivering the speed, precision and intelligence manufacturers need to compete in an increasingly dynamic marketplace. We remain committed to enabling businesses to accelerate automation adoption and build smarter, more agile and globally competitive manufacturing operations."

A consortium of Fraunhofer institutes has reached a key milestone in the Technology Platform for Tire Abrasion and the Identification of its Emissions in Road Traffic (TERIS) project, moving closer to establishing standardised laboratory methods for generating, analysing and predicting tyre wear.

The project, led by the Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, together with Fraunhofer ICT, Fraunhofer IGD and Fraunhofer IWM, aims to provide the tyre industry, testing organisations and environmental agencies with reliable and practical laboratory procedures for assessing tyre abrasion emissions.

The first project milestone has been completed following a successful review by an advisory board comprising industry experts.

The consortium has developed reference methods for tyre abrasion, particle analysis, tribological modelling, artificial intelligence-based surface analysis, a laboratory test bench concept, accelerated ageing techniques and volatile organic compound (VOC) detection.

According to the consortium, combining different particle collection and measurement techniques enables more precise analysis of both airborne and deposited tyre wear particles. At the same time, tribological models have been developed to better understand the relationship between loading conditions, material properties, surface structures and particle formation, allowing real-world tyre wear processes to be replicated under laboratory conditions.

Researchers have also developed a specialised test chamber for accelerated ageing, enabling tyre samples to be exposed to controlled environmental conditions before evaluating their abrasion behaviour.

Another development is an optical detection system that uses artificial intelligence to identify and classify surface structures. The system has been validated using substitute materials and is expected to be applied to rubber samples during the next phase of the project.

The consortium has also designed a laboratory test bench that combines multiaxial loading, controlled generation of tyre wear particles, targeted particle collection and integrated optical sensors within a single testing platform.

In addition, the project combines accelerated weathering with chemical analysis of volatile organic compounds released from tyre abrasion to assess the environmental impact of tyre wear particles.

The researchers said the work will provide the foundation for faster and more practical laboratory evaluation of new rubber compounds. The resulting methods are intended to help tyre manufacturers reduce emissions, accelerate product development and support compliance with the requirements of the Euro 7 standard.

At Fraunhofer IWM, researchers focused on refining tribological wear models and friction surface concepts to simulate particle formation under controlled laboratory conditions. The institute designed a parameterisable wear test that studies friction between plate materials and model surfaces with different structures, enabling researchers to investigate the mechanisms responsible for particle generation.

Initial findings indicate that tyre wear results from multiple interacting mechanisms rather than a simple relationship between particle emissions and factors such as speed, contact force or temperature. The researchers collected and analysed particles across a wide range of sizes during the study.

ZF has secured a significant milestone in the Indian automotive sector, receiving three major orders for its advanced test systems. The contracts, which encompass battery, tyre and e-axle testing, position the global driveline and chassis technology leader at the forefront of the nation’s drive to enhance road safety and establish more robust vehicle certification processes. This development aligns with India’s accelerating regulatory efforts to ensure that vehicle testing becomes more independent, rigorous and comprehensive, marking a critical step forward for the industry.

A key aspect of ZF's strategy involves a strong commitment to local manufacturing, with the company emphasising high levels of domestic content for its test systems in support of the ‘Make in India’ initiative. The firm’s extensive background in the field is underscored by its experience in testing over 100 million transmissions, a testament to the proven global reliability of its technology. This foundation of expertise is now being applied to address the specific safety and performance demands emerging in the Indian market.

With the rapid adoption of electric vehicles, battery safety has become a paramount concern, and ZF’s solutions cover the complete spectrum from individual cells to complete packs. These systems evaluate performance, endurance and environmental factors, including rigorous mechanical abuse testing, while adhering to a wide array of international and Indian standards. Furthermore, the company’s tyre testing capabilities are poised to play a crucial role as India prepares to enforce new mandatory regulations, including the BNVSAP and the AIS 142 TPMS Mandate. The ZF Tyre Efficiency Tester (TET.lab), recognised for its precision, offers a modular platform capable of testing everything from motorcycles to heavy commercial vehicles.

The company’s e-mobility test benches feature a high-performance drive module with a flexible, modular architecture designed to accommodate both conventional and electric drivetrains. These systems can be configured for various operations, integrating frequency converters and precision measurement technology for comprehensive testing. ZF’s deep expertise, already deployed by manufacturers and testing authorities worldwide, positions it as a key technology partner for India. As regulatory requirements tighten and the demand for quality escalates, the company is set to support the nation's ambition of building a safe and sustainable automotive ecosystem.

Akash Passey, President, ZF Group India, said, “Testing agencies are the final arbiters of vehicle safety, the bodies whose certification regulators and the public trust. Being chosen across three independent and Government agencies, for three distinct testing disciplines, is a powerful validation of ZF's accuracy, reliability and deep understanding of India's regulatory and testing landscape. ZF Group is proud to provide the technical foundation that makes world-class automotive safety infrastructure possible in India, not just for our OEM customers but also for Government and independent testing agencies.”

Thomas Trebitsch, Vice President, ZF Test Systems and Testing, said, “Over the past years, we have been focusing on the tyre industry in India and introducing our complete product portfolio to India. As the market develops rapidly towards regulations and safety, there is a strong need for robust and world-class testing technology. ZF brings its global competence and a deep understanding of the Indian auto industry to address its specific needs.”